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m`¨ cÖwZwôZ Bmjvgx mgvR e¨e¯’vi mvaviY wbqgbxwZ wb‡q cweÎ KziAv‡b Bw½Zg~jK e³e¨ †`qv n‡jI Zvdmx‡ii wKZve¸‡jv †mm‡ei we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv w`‡q‡Q| Bmjvg c~e© g°vq bMi cwiPvjbvi wewfbœ wefvM wb‡q Zvdmxi MÖš’¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Q| †hgb- nvRx‡`i cvwb cvb Kiv‡bv, hy‡×i †bZ…Z¡ †`Iqv, cZvKv enb, gv‡mi wnmve ivLv BZ¨vw`|[1] †Zgwb g°vevmxi e¨emv-evwY‡R¨i cÖwZ AvMÖn, e¨emvi Rb¨ we‡`k hvÎv, civgk© mfv, Bbmvd Kv‡qg, †bZ…‡Z¡i AvbyMZ¨ Ges Bmjvgx ivRbxwZi myweb¨¯Í †gŠwjK KvVv‡gvi wbqgbxwZI cweÎ KziAv‡b ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| AZtci A_©‰bwZK wewaweavb msewjZ AvqvZ bvwhj n‡q‡Q| †hgb- MwbgZ I Zvi eÈbbxwZ, wRwhqv (Bmjvgx iv‡óª emevmiZ Agymwjg bvMwiK‡`i †_‡K Av`vqK…Z Ki), dvB (webv hy‡× cÖvß m¤ú`), hvKvZ I Zvi e¨‡qi LvZ BZ¨vw`| wKš‘ G mKj AvqvZ LyeB msw¶ß I Bw½Zg~jK e³e¨ w`‡q‡Q| G¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY Ges e¨vL¨v nv`x‡m G‡m‡Q| GRb¨ gydvm&wmiMY Zvdmx‡ii †¶‡Î nv`xm I mvnvex‡`i (hviv Inx bvwh‡ji mgq Dcw¯’Z wQ‡jb Ges Bmjv‡gi wewaweavb µgvš^‡q wKfv‡e myweb¨¯Í nw”Qj I Bmjvgx ivóª wewbg©v‡Y †cv³ nw”Qj Zvi cÖZ¨¶`k©x wQ‡jb) Dw³i cÖwZ e¨vcKfv‡e wbf©ikxj n‡q‡Qb| G †¶‡Î Bgvg Beby Rvixi AvZ& Zevwii (g„. 310 wn.),[2] Bgvg hvgvLkvixi (g„. 538 wn.),[3] Bgvg dLiæÏxb ivhxi (g„. 606 wn.),[4] Bgvg KziZzexi (g„. 670 wn.)[5] Ges Bgvg myq~wZi (g„. 911 wn.)[6] mgwaK cÖwm×| †Zgwb nv`x‡mi cÖwm× I weï× MÖš’vejx wewfbœ Aa¨v‡q we‡kl K‡i wePvi-dqmvjvi Aa¨vq I A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbvi Aa¨v‡q ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡q‡Q| †h‡nZz nv`x‡mi wKZve¸‡jv ivm~j (ﷺ) †_‡K weï× eY©bvi Dc‡i A‡bKvs‡kB wbf©ikxj wQj| gynvwÏmMY ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi Rxe‡bi weï× cv‡Vv×vi K‡i‡Qb Ges Zv‡`i wKZv‡e Avj gvMvwh Iqvm wmAvi (hy×-Awfhvb) wk‡ivbv‡g mwe¯Ív‡i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Zviv ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi hy× Awfhvb m¤úwK©Z weï× eY©bv¸‡jv cÖPzi cwigv‡Y wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| HwZnvwmKMY nv`x‡mi wKZv‡ei GB Aa¨v‡qB †ewkifvM wbf©i K‡i BwZnvm wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| Gi gva¨‡gB Zviv ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi Rxe‡b N‡U hvIqv wewfbœ hy×vwfhvb m¤ú‡K© mg¨Kfv‡e AeMZ n‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| †mB mv‡_ HwZnvwmKMY nv`x‡mi wKZv‡ei wewfbœ Aa¨vq †hgb Avj-Bgvivn, Avj-AvnKvg, Avj-BÕwZmvg wej wKZve Iqvm mybœvn, Avj-nv¾, Avj-wRnv`, Avj eyq~- e¨emv-evwYR¨, Avj-MbvBg- hy×jä m¤ú`, Avj-dvB- hy× bv K‡iB cÖvß m¤ú`, Avj-wRwhqv- Agymwjg bvMwiK‡`i †_‡K cÖvß Ki, Avm-mv`vK¡vn&, Avj-AvKwhqv- wePvi dvqmvjv, Avk-kvnv`v- mv¶¨, Avj-û`y`, AvZ& Zvdmxi I Avj-ImvBqv BZ¨vw` Aa¨vq †_‡KI ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi kvmbe¨e¯’v, kvmbc×wZ I ivR‰bwZK e¨e¯’vcbv †Kgb wQj Zv mn‡RB wba©viY Ki‡Z †c‡i‡Qb| nv`x‡mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKZve¸‡jv n‡jv Bgvg Avngv‡`i (g„. 241 wn.) gymbv‡` Avngv`, Bgvg eyLvixi (g„. 256 wn.) mnxûj eyLvix, Bgvg gymwj‡gi (g„. 261 wn.) mnxn gymwjg, Bgvg Ave~ `vE‡`i (g„. 275 wn.) mybvb Ave~ `vE`, Bgvg Beby gvRvi (g„. 275 wn.) mybvb Beby gvRvn&, Bgvg AvZ& wZiwghxi (g„. 279 wn.) mybvb AvZ& wZiwghx Ges Bgvg Avb& bvmvqxi (g„. 303 wn.) mybvb Avb& bvmvqx| wmqvi I ZevKv‡Zi wKZve¸‡jv ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi kvmbe¨e¯’v Rvbvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Drm| Beby BmnvK (g„. 101 wn.) wmivn wj‡L ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Qb| wZwb me©cÖ_g gw`bvi kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© cwic~Y© eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Zvi wKZveym& wmivn[7] gw`bvi ZrKvjxb Ae¯’v Ges Bmjvgx kvmbe¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© c~Y©v½ I we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v I A_©‰bwZK AeKvVv‡gv Rvbvi Rb¨ wmiv‡Z Beby BmnvK GKwU †gŠwjK MÖš’| wmivn m¤úwK©Z AwaKvsk wiIqvqvZ wZwb MÖnY K‡i‡Qb ÔDiIqvn& Beby hyev‡qi (g„. 92 wn.) Ges Beby wknve hynix (g„. 124 wn.) †_‡K| hy×vwfhvb eY©bvi †¶‡Î wZwb wbw`©ó c×wZi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_‡gB wZwb GKwU hy‡×i welqe¯‘ ev mvivsk eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Gic‡i قالوا-Zviv e‡j‡Qb e‡j wewfbœ ivexi eY©bv wb‡q G‡m‡Qb Ges me©‡kl IB hy× m¤ú‡K© hvi eY©bv me‡P‡q cÖwm× Ges g~j eY©bv we¯ÍvwiZ AvKv‡i wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| IqvwKw` (g„. 207 wn.) Zvi ÔAvj-gvMvwhÕ wKZv‡e bex (ﷺ)-Gi hy× m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i hy×c×wZ I hy×v¯¿ m¤ú‡K© wek` eY©bv, hy‡×i Kó, hy‡× e¨eüZ cZvKv, hy‡× cÖvß MwbgZ Ges Zvi eÈb m¤ú‡K© me©cÖ_g wek` weeiY wZwbB w`‡q‡Qb| hy×vwfhvb eY©bvq wZwbI mywbw`©ó c×wZi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| cÖ_‡g hy‡×i mvj D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb, Gici hy‡×i Kvwnwb, wd‡i Avmvi ZvwiL-mvj, hy×Kvjxb mg‡q gw`bvq bex (ﷺ)-Gi cÖwZwbwai bvg, hy× m¤úwK©Z KweZv Ges KziAv‡bi AvqvZ _vK‡j Zv D×…Z K‡i‡Qb| me©‡kl gyRvwn`‡`i bv‡gi ZvwjKvI †ck K‡i‡Qb| Beby mvÕ` (g„. 230 wn.) Zvi ÔwKZveyZ ZevKv‡ZÕ[8] gv°x Rxe‡bi NUbvejx cwic~Y© AvKv‡i eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| hy‡×i eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb Ges hy×Kvjxb mg‡q gw`bvq bex (ﷺ)-Gi cÖwZwbwa‡`i bvg we¯ÍvwiZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- wZwb Zvi MÖ‡š’ wePvicwZ, wewfbœ cÖ‡`‡ki Mfb©i, wewfbœ hy‡×i †mbvcwZ‡`i bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| Beby mvÕ` hv‡`i bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv‡`i cÖkvmwbK `vwq‡Z¡i K_vI Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| wZwb wewfbœ e¨w³i †h Rxebx D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ Aa¨q‡b †m mg‡qi NUbvejx Mfxifv‡e Rvbvi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q| A_©vr- †m mg‡qi cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡, gvby‡li ivR‰bwZK Rxeb, mvgvwRK RxebvPvi Ges mvgwiK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© GKwU c~Y©v½ wPÎ Avgv‡`i mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z n‡q‡Q| Beby mvÕ` IqvwK`xi (g„. 207 wn.) Ab¨Zg QvÎ| wZwb gynvwÏm‡`i mv‡_ m¤úK© ivL‡Zb Ges Zvi ZevKv‡Zi wewfbœ NUbvejx wjwce× Kivi †¶‡Î, wewfbœ gZ‡bi wfbœ wfbœ mb` mve¨¯ÍKi‡Y Ges kÖæZ wiIqvqvZ¸‡jv‡K wjwLZ wKZvev`xi mv‡_ wgwj‡q wb‡Z nv`x‡mi g~jbxwZ‡K AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Beby mvÕ` wmivn Ges mvnvex‡`i Rxebx eY©bv K‡i‡Qb kvÕex (g„. 103 wn.), hynix (g„. 124 wn.), Beby BmnvK (g„. 151 wn.) wnkvg Avj Kvjwe (g„. 204 wn.) Ges Avj IqvwKw` (g„. 207 wn.) †_‡K| wZwb Ab¨vb¨ RxebxKv‡ii †P‡q e¨wZµg n‡q‡Qb mb` ch©v‡jvPbvq| †Kbbv wZwb wewfbœ NUbv D‡jøL Kivi c‡i †m¸‡jvi mb` m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- wZwb e‡j‡Qb, GwU GB Kvi‡Y AwaK wbf©i‡hvM¨[9] A_ev e‡j‡Qb wbf©i‡hvM¨ n‡jv GgbwU|[10]

Zvwi‡Li wKZve¸‡jvI bex (ﷺ)-Gi Rxebx wjwce× K‡i‡Q| Lwjdv Beby LBqvZ (g„. 241 wn.)[11] Zvi BwZnvm MÖ‡š’ Mfb©i Ges iv‡óªi Kg©Pvix‡`i BwZnvm wjwce× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb bex (ﷺ)-Gi hy‡Mi †jLK, wePvicwZ, hvKvZ Av`v‡qi Kg©Pvix Ges Mfb©i‡`i bv‡gi ZvwjKv cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| Avevi g°vi HwZnvwmK AvhivKx (g„. 245 wn.) Zvi wKZve ÔAvLev‡i g°vÕq[12] g°v m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY w`‡q‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i Kvev I evBZzjøvn mswkøó wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ †hgb- nvRx‡`i cvwb cvb Kiv‡bv, nvRx‡`i †gngvb`vix Kiv, Kvev N‡ii we‡kl `vwqZ¡ (Kvev Ni †Lvjv I eÜ Kiv) BZ¨vw` `vwqZ¡vejx †h¸‡jv KzivBk I KzivB‡ki wewfbœ kvLv †Mv‡Îi g‡a¨ ewÈZ wQj| †mB mv‡_ AvhivKx (g„. 245 wn.) g°vi e¨emvq-evwYR¨, e¨emvi †gŠmyg, evRvi e¨e¯’vcbv, mvgwiK e¨e¯’vcbv Ges G¸‡jvi mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ `vwqZ¡ wb‡qI we¯ÍvwiZ AvKv‡i Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- hy‡×i gq`v‡b Zuvey wbg©vY, ˆmb¨evwnbx‡K GKwÎZKiY, †Nvov cÖ¯‘ZKiY, †bZ…Z¡ I cZvKv enb| BwZnv‡mi GB wKZvewU bMi BwZnvm Rvbvi GKwU cÖvPxbZg wKZve| bex (ﷺ)-Gi beyIqvZ cÖvwßi c‡ii NUbvejx eY©bvq †jLK wbf©i‡hvM¨ mb‡`i Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i‡Qb Ges wZwb G mKj NUbvejx hynix (g„. 124 wn.) Ges Beby BmnvK (g„. 151 wn.) †_‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ Zvi ewY©Z beyIqvZ cÖvwßi Av‡Mi NUbv¸‡jv cy‡ivcywi wek¦¯Í bq Ges †m¸‡jvi AwaKvskB webv m~‡Î ewY©Z| †Zgwb Beby nvwee (g„. 150 wn.) Zvi `yÕwU MÖš’ ÔAvj gynveŸviÕ[13] I ÔAvj gybv¤§vKÕ[14]-G Bmjvgc~e© Ges Bmjvg cieZ©x g°vi A‡bK NUbvejx D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| we‡kl K‡i Kvev I evBZzjøvni mv‡_ mswkøó wewfbœ `vwqZ¡, †m mg‡q m¤úvw`Z wewfbœ Pzw³ I msMVb †hgb wnjdzj dzRyj Iqvj gyËvqvweb wb‡q we‡klfv‡e Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb| Beby nvwee Rv‡nwj hy‡M Ges Bmjvg AvMg‡bi cÖv°v‡j g°vq hviv wk¶v `v‡bi Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ wQ‡jb Zv‡`i ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i GKwU e¨wZµg KvR K‡i‡Qb| evjvhywi (g„. 279 wn.) Zvi weL¨vZ wKZve ÔdzZzûj eyj`v‡bÕ[15] A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges e¨vcK Z‡_¨i mgvnvi NwU‡q‡Qb| wZwb weRqvwfhvb m¤ú‡K©, cÖkvmwbK `vwqZ¡, wPwVcÎ Ges mxj‡gvni m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| evjvhywi (g„. 279 wn.) wdKn Ges LvivR msµvšÍ wKZvev`x †_‡K Z_¨ wb‡q‡Qb; d‡j A_©‰bwZK Ges cÖkvmwbK wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© wZwb we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb| NUbv eY©bvq wiIqvqv‡Zi mn‡hvwMZv wb‡q‡Qb Ges mb`‡KI ¸iæZ¡ w`‡q‡Qb| hw`I Zv A‡bK †¶‡ÎB mymve¨¯Í I ¯’vwq‡Z¡i ¸Y nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q| GRb¨ Avcwb Zvi wKZv‡ei A‡bK †¶‡ÎB AcwiwPZ e¨w³i †_‡K wiIqvqvZ cv‡eb| wZwb Ggb A‡bK e¨w³ †_‡K wiIqvqvZ K‡i‡Qb hv‡`i bvg D‡jøL K‡ibwb| †hgb- wZwb e‡j‡Qb, Avgv‡K Agy‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb, wZwb Zv‡q‡di KwZcq kv‡qL †_‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Qb|[16] Ab¨w`‡K wZwb wiIqvqvZ D‡jøL Ki‡jI cÖvavb¨Zg gZ D‡jøL K‡ibwb| Avevi KL‡bv †Kv‡bv wiIqvqvZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb, †Kv‡bvwU‡K `ye©j e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| hw`I Gm‡ei †¶‡Î Zvi e³e¨ Lye msw¶ß| †hgb- wZwb †Kv‡bvwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqvi †¶‡Î e‡j‡Qb cÖ_gwU AwaK weï×[17] A_ev †mwU †ewk weï×[18] A_ev cÖ_gwU †ewk mnxn I †ewk weï×|[19] hvB †nvK, ÔdzZzûj eyj`vbÕ Bmjv‡gi wewRZ cÖ‡`k m¤ú‡K© Ges †m¸‡jvi cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi Rb¨ GKwU †gŠwjK MÖš’| evjvhywi (g„. 279 wn.) †gŠwjKfv‡e IqvwKw` (g„. 207 wn.) AZtci hynwii (g„. 124 wn.) wiIqvqv‡Zi AbymiY K‡i‡Qb| Ab¨w`‡K Zvi ÔAvbmveyj AvkivdÕ[20] MÖš’wU wewfbœ e¨w³i Rxebxg~jK MÖš’| Gi cÖ_g L‡Ð wZwb ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi Rxebx Ges D‡jøL‡hvM¨ mvnvev‡q wKiv‡gi Rxebx D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î wZwb Zv‡`i e¨w³MZ Z_¨ †hgb- Rb¥, esk, †e‡o IVv, AZtci ivm~j (ﷺ)-Gi RxeÏkvq Zviv †K Kx KvR Ki‡Zb †mme m¤ú‡K© eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| AZtci bex (ﷺ)-Gi Mfb©i, cÖkvmK, hvKvZ Av`v‡qi Kg©Pvix, gyqvw¾b, Kwe Ges wePvicwZ‡`i m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© eY©bv w`‡q‡Qb| Gme eY©bvi AwaKvskB mb` msewjZ Ges wZwb Zvi eY©bvq hynix, Beby BmnvK I IqvwKw` cÖgy‡Li Dc‡i wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î wZwb †h wiIqv‡qZ‡K me‡P‡q kw³kvjx g‡b Ki‡Zb A_ev weï×Zvi me‡P‡q KvQvKvwQ g‡b Ki‡Zb †m¸‡jv‡KB wb‡q G‡m‡Qb| ÔZvwi‡L BqvKzweÕi[21] wØZxq LÐ ïiæ n‡q‡Q bex (ﷺ)-Gi R‡b¥i weeiY w`‡q| G‡Z Zvi wimvjvZ I beyIqvZcÖvwßI Av‡jvwPZ n‡q‡Q| BqvKzwe †Kej ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbvejx D‡jøL K‡i ¶všÍ †_‡K‡Qb| Z‡e wZwb Mfb©i, wePvicwZ Ges hvKvZ Av`v‡qi Kg©Pvix- hv‡`i‡K bex (ﷺ) wewfbœ A‡j †cÖiY Ki‡Zb Zv‡`i ZvwjKv cÖYqb K‡i‡Qb| GLv‡b g‡b ivLv DwPZ, BqvKzwe mb‡`i e¨vcv‡i A‡bKUvB D`vmxb wQ‡jb| wZwb A‡bK NUbv‡K m~¶¥fv‡e we‡kølY K‡ibwb Ges GKvwaK g‡Zi g‡a¨ GKwU‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqvi †Póv K‡ibwb| wkqvcÖxwZi Kvi‡Y wZwb g~jZ wkqv‡`i Drm †_‡K BwZnvm MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| Avwg GB eB‡qi mKj Aa¨v‡q Beby Rvixi AvZ-Zevwii (g„. 310 wn.) ÔZvwi‡L ZevixÕ †_‡K A‡bK wKQzB MÖnY K‡iwQ| KviY GB wKZvewU Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi †gŠwjK Drm| †h mKj M‡elK BwZnvm wjL‡Z Pvb A_ev bex (ﷺ)-Gi cÖkvmb m¤ú‡K© wjL‡Z Pvb Zv‡`i mKj‡KB GB wKZve †_‡K dvq`v wb‡Z n‡e; KviY BwZnv‡mi GB wKZvewU beex Rxe‡bi Pvicv‡ki A‡bK NUbv‡K eY©bv K‡i‡Q| we‡kl K‡i †hme NUbv wewfbœ Mfb©i‡`i mv‡_ m¤ú„³, Zv‡`i AcmviY, wePvicwZ wb‡qvM, †mbvcwZ wba©viY, †Kvb& eQ‡i †K n‡Ri †bZ…Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb, †mB eQ‡i †Kvb& hy× n‡qwQj BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv| hy‡×i cÖ¯‘wZ †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hy‡×i Rb¨ †ei nIqv, hy× Kiv, MwbgZ eÈb Kivmn wek` weeiY G‡Z G‡m‡Q| Bgvg Zevwii wjwLZ BwZnv‡mi Drm †ek mg„×| wZwb KziAvbyj Kvixg, mybœvn, wmivn, wdKn, Aviex KweZv BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Zevix nv`xm kv‡¯¿ Lye AvK…ó wQ‡jb| d‡j wZwb HwZnvwmKM‡Yi GKwU NUbv eY©bvq mb‡`i wfbœZvmn D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| †hgb- kvÕex (g„. 103 wn.), K¡vZv`vn& (g„. 118 wn.), hynix (g„. 124 wn.), Beby BmnvK ÔDgvi Beby kvBevi wfbœ wfbœ wiIqvqvZ GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| G‡¶‡Î wZwb Lye m~¶¥fv‡e ewY©Z wiIqvqvZmg~‡ni gv‡S m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi †Póv K‡i‡Qb Ges mdjI n‡q‡Qb| KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb †Kv‡bv GKwU mb`‡K Ab¨wUi Dc‡i cÖvavb¨ w`‡q‡Qb, Z‡e me †¶‡ÎB †h wZwb GKwU NUbvi wecix‡Z GKvwaK wiIqvqvZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Zv bq| we`» cvVK‡`i D‡Ï‡k¨ †Q‡o w`‡q‡Qb †hb Zviv M‡elYv K‡i cÖK…Z mZ¨ Rvb‡Z cv‡i|

GB M‡elYv cÖe‡Üi †¶‡Î wdK‡ni wKZve¸‡jvi A‡bK eo f‚wgKv Av‡Q| we‡kl K‡i Ave~ BDmyd (g„. 245 wn.) iwPZ ÔwKZveyj LvivRÕ| beex Rxe‡bi A_©e¨e¯’v Rvbvi Rb¨ GB wKZv‡ei †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd MwbgZ, mv`vK¡vn&, wRwhqv, LvivR, Dki, m¤ú‡K© ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| A_©e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡m GwU me©cÖvPxb ¯^Zš¿ wKZve| Gic‡i A_©e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© A‡bK wKZvev`x †jLv n‡q‡Q; †h¸‡jv A_©e¨e¯’v Ges cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z‡_¨ ficyi| Z‡e wKZveyj LvivR-Gi we‡kl ˆewkó¨ n‡jvÑ GwU cÖ‡kœvËi AvKv‡i wjwLZ Ges Bgvg Ave~ BDmyd dvZvIqv eY©bvq KziAv‡bi AvqvZ, nv`xm, mvnvev‡q †Kiv‡gi Kg© Ges Zv‡eCb‡`i gZ D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb gyËvwmj (wbiwew”Qbœ), gybKvwZ (wew”Qbœ) Ges gyimvj (mvnvexi D‡jøL †bB Ggb mb`) me mb‡`B NUbvejx D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wdKwn Ges HwZnvwmK NUbvejxi gv‡S mgš^q mvab K‡i‡Qb Ges Zvi hy‡M cÖPwjZ A_©e¨e¯’vi †ek wKQz fzj cš’vi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| beex hy‡Mi mvgwiK KvVv‡gv I e¨e¯’vcbv eY©bvq Bgvg kvBevbxi (g„. 189 wn.) Ôkviûm wmqvi Avj KvexiÕ[22] MÖš’wU †ek D‡jøL‡hvM¨| wZwb hy‡×i im`, †mbvcwZ wbe©vPb, †mbvcwZi `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv wel‡q wdKwn `„wófw½ wb‡q we¯Í…Z Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| hy‡×i cZvKv, wPý, wewfbœ hy‡×i wewfbœ mvs‡KwZK wPý, hy‡×i c×wZ I wbqg BZ¨vw` wb‡q DcKvix Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg kvBevbx nv`xm Ges wdKn Dfq `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Zvi Av‡jvPbv‡K mg„× K‡i‡Qb| wZwb wbf©i‡hvM¨ m~Î msewjZ wiIqvqvZ D‡jøL K‡i †m¸‡jv †_‡K we¯ÍvwiZ AvKv‡i wdKwn wewagvjv mve¨¯Í K‡i‡Qb| Avwg Bqvn&Bqv web Av`vg (g„. 203 wn.) iwPZ ÔwKZveyj LvivRÕ[23] †_‡KI A_© e¨e¯’vcbv wel‡q dvq`v wb‡qwQ| we‡kl K‡i LvivR Ges wRwhqv m¤úwK©Z wel‡q| Ave~ DevB` (g„. 224 wn.) Zvi ÒwKZveyj AvgIqvjÓ[24] bvgK MÖ‡š’ A_©e¨e¯’v †hgb MwbgZ, dvB, wRwhqv, mv`vK¡vn&, LvivR BZ¨vw` m¤úwK©Z A‡bK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wdKwn Z_¨ cwi‡ekb K‡i‡Qb; eis GK_v ej‡j AZz¨w³ n‡e bv †h, wKZveyj AvgIqvj-Gi †jLK me©cÖ_g Bmjv‡gi BwZnv‡mi cÖviw¤¢K Ae¯’vi A_©e¨e¯’v m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwic~Y© wPÎ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Ave~ DevB` nv`xm Ges wdKn Dfq kv¯¿‡K GKwÎZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb mb` m¤^wjZ wiIqvqvZmg~n D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb Ges GKB mv‡_ †m¸‡jvi kiC weavb D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AvqvZ, nv`xm, mvnvev Ges †Lvjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb †_‡K Avmvimg~n mb`mn D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| AZtci †m¸‡jvi gg©v_© ¯úó K‡i‡Qb, KwVb k‡ãi e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb Ges KL‡bv Av‡jvwPZ wel‡q dzKvnv‡q wKiv‡gi GKvwaK gZ‡KI D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| `wjj eY©bvq Ave~ Devq‡`i Ae¯’vb LyeB gReyZ| wZwb nv`xm Ges Avmvi eY©bv K‡i †m¸‡jvi mb` wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb Ges †Kvb& Avmvi w`‡q †Kvb& gvmAvjv mve¨¯Í nq †m m¤ú‡K© m~¶¥ we‡kølY K‡i‡Qb AZtci MÖnY‡hvM¨ ivq cÖ`vb K‡i‡Qb| gv‡Sg‡a¨ `ye©j mb‡`i ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †m¸‡jvi `ye©jZvi KviY D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| bm¸‡jv †hfv‡e G‡m‡Q wZwb †mfv‡eB eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| m‡›`n n‡j e‡j‡Qb, شك أبو عبيد-Ave~ ÔDevB` m‡›`n K‡i‡Q[25], A_ev e‡j‡Qb, كلام هذا معناه-G K_vi A_© Ggb|[26] G¸‡jvB cÖgvY K‡i †h, wZwb `wjj eY©bv I ch©v‡jvPbvq KZ m~²`k©x wQ‡jb|

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